Cold weather is often associated with snow-covered landscapes, frozen lakes and people bundled up in heavy winter clothing.
While some nations experience freezing conditions for only a few months each year, others remain cold for much of the year because of their high latitude, mountainous terrain or continental climate.
From the vast frozen landscapes of Siberia to the icy regions of the Nordic countries, these are 10 nations known for their notably low average temperatures.
1. Canada
Canada ranks among the coldest countries in the world, with an average annual temperature of about -4°C to -5°C.
Its northern territories contain extensive tundra regions where temperatures can remain below freezing for prolonged periods. The country’s northern location also contributes to its long and severe winters.
2. Russia
Russia has an average annual temperature of roughly -3°C to -5°C and is home to some of the coldest permanently inhabited locations on Earth.
Siberia is particularly famous for its extreme winter conditions. Places such as Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk have experienced exceptionally low temperatures, earning the region a reputation for some of the world’s harshest cold.
3. Mongolia
Mongolia records an average annual temperature of approximately -0.7°C.
Its high elevation and distance from large bodies of water contribute to its cold climate. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is widely regarded as the world’s coldest national capital, with temperatures dropping dramatically during winter.
4. Norway
Norway has an average annual temperature of around 1.5°C, although conditions differ significantly across the country.
The northern parts of Norway extend into the Arctic and experience long, cold winters. Its northern latitude and mountainous landscape further contribute to the country’s chilly conditions.
5. Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan has an average annual temperature of about 1.6°C.
Much of the country is dominated by the Tien Shan mountain range, where high elevations contribute to low temperatures. Winters can be especially harsh in mountainous areas, with temperatures frequently falling below freezing.
6. Finland
Finland’s average annual temperature is approximately 1.7°C.
The northern Lapland region experiences particularly long and cold winters, with snow covering large parts of the area for several months. Temperatures can fall well below freezing, especially in the north.
7. Iceland
Iceland has an average annual temperature of about 1.8°C.
Although the country is known for its glaciers and icy landscapes, surrounding ocean currents help moderate its climate. Nevertheless, its subpolar location, highlands and extensive glacial areas make Iceland one of the world’s colder nations.
8. Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan records an average annual temperature of around 2.0°C.
Its huge landmass and continental climate produce significant differences between summer and winter temperatures. Northern and central parts of the country can experience particularly severe winters.
9. Sweden
Sweden has an average annual temperature of approximately 2.1°C.
The northern regions are considerably colder, experiencing long winters, heavy snowfall and extended periods of below-freezing temperatures.
10. Tajikistan
Tajikistan has an average annual temperature of about 4.2°C.
Although its average temperature is higher than those of the other countries on the list, much of the country is mountainous. The Pamir Mountains, one of the world’s highest mountain systems, contribute to extremely cold conditions at higher elevations.
Why These Countries Are So Cold
Many of the world’s coldest countries are located in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly near the Arctic. Others experience low temperatures because of their high elevations or continental climates.
Canada, Russia and several Nordic countries are especially well known for their severe winters.
Despite the challenging weather, residents have adapted to the cold through insulated homes, heating systems, specialised clothing and winter traditions. In many of these countries, cold weather is not simply a seasonal challenge but an important part of everyday life and culture.
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